? ? ? 全面推(tui)進鄉村振興是構(gou)建新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)格局(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)重(zhong)要內容。習近平總書(shu)記強調(diao)，穩(wen)住農(nong)(nong)(nong)業基(ji)本盤、守好“三農(nong)(nong)(nong)”基(ji)礎是應變(bian)局(ju)(ju)(ju)、開新(xin)局(ju)(ju)(ju)的(de)“壓艙(cang)石”。構(gou)建新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)格局(ju)(ju)(ju)，把戰略基(ji)點放在擴大內需上，農(nong)(nong)(nong)村有巨大空間，可以大有作為(wei)。如何采(cai)取更有力的(de)舉措、匯聚更強大的(de)力量來全面推(tui)進鄉村振興，真正讓農(nong)(nong)(nong)業高(gao)質高(gao)效、鄉村宜(yi)居宜(yi)業、農(nong)(nong)(nong)民富裕富足(zu)，是構(gou)建新(xin)發(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)格局(ju)(ju)(ju)需要破解的(de)重(zhong)大課題。
構建(jian)新發展格局(ju)的內在要求(qiu)和動力(li)源(yuan)泉
進入新發展(zhan)階段，全(quan)面(mian)建設社會主義現代(dai)化(hua)國家(jia)，最(zui)(zui)艱(jian)巨最(zui)(zui)繁重的(de)任(ren)務在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)，最(zui)(zui)廣泛最(zui)(zui)深厚的(de)基(ji)礎在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)，最(zui)(zui)大的(de)潛力和(he)后勁(jing)在(zai)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)。構(gou)建新發展(zhan)格局迫切需要補齊農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)短板弱項、充分挖掘(jue)農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)的(de)潛力后勁(jing)，全(quan)面(mian)推(tui)進鄉村(cun)(cun)振興。
全(quan)面推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)振興(xing)是(shi)構建新發(fa)展(zhan)格局(ju)的內(nei)(nei)在(zai)要(yao)求。構建新發(fa)展(zhan)格局(ju)，要(yao)求立(li)足國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)循(xun)環(huan)，核心是(shi)暢(chang)通(tong)生產、流(liu)通(tong)、分(fen)配、消(xiao)費等(deng)經濟活(huo)動(dong)各環(huan)節(jie)，它不僅包(bao)括城(cheng)鄉(xiang)之(zhi)間(jian)的循(xun)環(huan)，也體(ti)現(xian)在(zai)各行業各領域(yu)的循(xun)環(huan)。當前(qian)城(cheng)市和農(nong)村(cun)的循(xun)環(huan)在(zai)整個國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)循(xun)環(huan)中是(shi)弱項，資源要(yao)素在(zai)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)之(zhi)間(jian)雙(shuang)向流(liu)動(dong)仍然存在(zai)體(ti)制障(zhang)礙，農(nong)村(cun)發(fa)展(zhan)缺乏高質量的資源要(yao)素保障(zhang)，農(nong)業生產、加(jia)工、儲備、流(liu)通(tong)等(deng)環(huan)節(jie)還(huan)存在(zai)不少(shao)堵點。全(quan)面推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)振興(xing)，打通(tong)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)循(xun)環(huan)的梗阻和堵點，有(you)利于加(jia)快形成以國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)大(da)循(xun)環(huan)為主體(ti)、國(guo)(guo)內(nei)(nei)國(guo)(guo)際雙(shuang)循(xun)環(huan)相互促進的新發(fa)展(zhan)格局(ju)。
全(quan)面推(tui)進鄉村振興(xing)(xing)是構建(jian)新發(fa)展格(ge)(ge)局的(de)動(dong)力源泉。構建(jian)新發(fa)展格(ge)(ge)局，要求(qiu)把(ba)擴(kuo)大(da)內(nei)需(xu)作為戰(zhan)略基點，我國擴(kuo)大(da)內(nei)需(xu)最大(da)的(de)潛力后勁在農(nong)(nong)村。隨著農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村現代化的(de)扎實推(tui)進，廣(guang)大(da)農(nong)(nong)民收入(ru)的(de)持續提高，將有(you)效激發(fa)鄉村巨大(da)的(de)消費、投資潛力。同(tong)時(shi)，伴隨農(nong)(nong)業生態、旅(lv)游、文化等多功能的(de)挖掘(jue)開發(fa)，城鎮居民對(dui)綠(lv)色優質農(nong)(nong)產品、鄉村休閑旅(lv)游等需(xu)求(qiu)不斷增加，將有(you)利于形(xing)成需(xu)求(qiu)牽引供給(gei)、供給(gei)創造(zao)需(xu)求(qiu)的(de)高水(shui)平(ping)動(dong)態平(ping)衡(heng)。可見(jian)，全(quan)面推(tui)進鄉村振興(xing)(xing)，充分挖掘(jue)農(nong)(nong)業農(nong)(nong)村內(nei)需(xu)潛力，可以為構建(jian)新發(fa)展格(ge)(ge)局提供強大(da)戰(zhan)略支撐。
全(quan)面推進鄉(xiang)村(cun)振興面臨的(de)制約和(he)挑(tiao)戰(zhan)
當(dang)前，我國發展不平衡不充分問題，主(zhu)要集中(zhong)在(zai)“三農(nong)”，重點(dian)(dian)難點(dian)(dian)在(zai)農(nong)村，這既是全面(mian)(mian)推進鄉(xiang)村振興面(mian)(mian)臨的制約挑戰，也(ye)是構(gou)建新發展格局(ju)需要破解的痛點(dian)(dian)堵(du)點(dian)(dian)。
一是農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力(li)不強。產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)是我國(guo)經濟(ji)循環(huan)(huan)的重要環(huan)(huan)節。鍛造產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)長(chang)板(ban)(ban)、補齊產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)短板(ban)(ban)是構(gou)建新(xin)發展格局的必然要求。目前，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)短板(ban)(ban)比(bi)較突出。一方面(mian)，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)競(jing)爭(zheng)(zheng)力(li)不強。農(nong)業(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)發展水(shui)平低，鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)條較短，高(gao)端環(huan)(huan)節缺(que)乏，可持(chi)續能(neng)力(li)較弱。另一方面(mian)，農(nong)業(ye)(ye)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)銜接(jie)不暢。由于(yu)基礎設施(shi)不配套，標準化水(shui)平低，信息化、智能(neng)化發展滯后(hou)，造成農(nong)業(ye)(ye)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)不同環(huan)(huan)節之間銜接(jie)松散，流(liu)通環(huan)(huan)節多(duo)、成本(ben)高(gao)。
二是農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)市(shi)場活力(li)(li)不夠。實施擴大(da)內需(xu)戰略，需(xu)要增強消(xiao)費(fei)對經濟發展(zhan)(zhan)的基礎性作(zuo)用和投(tou)資(zi)對優(you)化供給結構的關(guan)鍵性作(zuo)用。目前(qian)，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)和投(tou)資(zi)對國內消(xiao)費(fei)和投(tou)資(zi)支(zhi)撐(cheng)不足。一方面，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)需(xu)求(qiu)潛(qian)(qian)力(li)(li)沒有發揮。農(nong)(nong)民收入水平總體較(jiao)低(di)，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)環境較(jiao)差，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)金融發展(zhan)(zhan)滯后，使(shi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)潛(qian)(qian)力(li)(li)難(nan)以充(chong)分釋放。另(ling)一方面，農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)投(tou)資(zi)需(xu)求(qiu)制(zhi)約(yue)因素較(jiao)多。特別是農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)資(zi)金需(xu)求(qiu)量(liang)大(da)，但投(tou)資(zi)回報周(zhou)期長、回報率(lv)低(di)，一定程(cheng)度上影響了社會資(zi)本對農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)投(tou)資(zi)的積極性。
三是(shi)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)要素(su)流動不暢。促進(jin)要素(su)自(zi)主有序(xu)流動和優化(hua)(hua)配(pei)置是(shi)實現(xian)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)經濟良性循(xun)(xun)環的基礎，也是(shi)國內大循(xun)(xun)環的必然要求(qiu)。目前(qian)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)(xiang)要素(su)雙向流動不暢，更多是(shi)鄉(xiang)(xiang)村人才(cai)從農村向城(cheng)市的單向流動，造成鄉(xiang)(xiang)村人才(cai)大量流失，鄉(xiang)(xiang)村老齡化(hua)(hua)、空心化(hua)(hua)現(xian)象較為嚴重。
鄉村(cun)振興助(zhu)推構建新(xin)發展格局的(de)著力點
要做到全面(mian)推(tui)進鄉村(cun)振興和構建(jian)新(xin)發展(zhan)格(ge)局有機(ji)結合，必(bi)須提升農業產業鏈供應鏈競爭力(li)(li)，釋放和培育農村(cun)的消費(fei)需(xu)求(qiu)，促(cu)進城鄉融合發展(zhan)，激活鄉村(cun)內(nei)生動力(li)(li)。
一是提(ti)升農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)競爭力(li)。要打造(zao)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)全產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)，加(jia)強產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)各環節(jie)的合(he)作與(yu)銜接，推動(dong)農(nong)村一二(er)三(san)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)融合(he)；提(ti)升農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)供應鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)現(xian)代(dai)化水平，大力(li)采(cai)取新(xin)技(ji)術、新(xin)業(ye)(ye)(ye)態、新(xin)模式增加(jia)農(nong)業(ye)(ye)(ye)產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)科技(ji)含(han)量，推動(dong)形(xing)成(cheng)高品(pin)質、高附(fu)加(jia)值的農(nong)產(chan)(chan)品(pin)供應和服務體系(xi)；加(jia)快建(jian)設城鄉統一市場，整(zheng)合(he)物流、信息等產(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)(ye)鏈(lian)(lian)(lian)形(xing)態要素(su)(su)，破除(chu)資(zi)源(yuan)要素(su)(su)流動(dong)障礙，促進要素(su)(su)自由流動(dong)，降低(di)要素(su)(su)交易(yi)成(cheng)本，促進資(zi)源(yuan)優化配置和效率提(ti)高。
二是加(jia)快(kuai)培育(yu)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)內需(xu)體系(xi)。一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，全面(mian)(mian)(mian)擴(kuo)大(da)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)。多措并舉(ju)拓寬(kuan)農(nong)(nong)民收入(ru)渠道，穩定農(nong)(nong)民務工工資(zi)性收入(ru)，增加(jia)經(jing)營性收入(ru)，擴(kuo)大(da)財(cai)產性收入(ru)，提高農(nong)(nong)民消(xiao)費(fei)能力。完善城鄉融合消(xiao)費(fei)網(wang)絡，擴(kuo)大(da)電子商務進(jin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)覆蓋面(mian)(mian)(mian)，優化農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)環境。擴(kuo)大(da)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)教育(yu)、健康和文化等領域的消(xiao)費(fei)，推(tui)(tui)動農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)消(xiao)費(fei)梯次升級。另一(yi)方面(mian)(mian)(mian)，拓展(zhan)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)投(tou)資(zi)空間。補齊農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)基礎(chu)設施短(duan)板，推(tui)(tui)進(jin)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)新(xin)型(xing)基礎(chu)設施建設，彌補城鄉在數字經(jing)濟、智能轉(zhuan)型(xing)等方面(mian)(mian)(mian)的發(fa)展(zhan)鴻溝；改善農(nong)(nong)村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)務，推(tui)(tui)動形成縣鄉村(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)(cun)一(yi)體、功能銜接互補的公共(gong)(gong)服(fu)(fu)務體系(xi)。
三是促(cu)進城(cheng)鄉(xiang)融合發展(zhan)。建(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)要素(su)平等交換(huan)、雙向(xiang)流動政策(ce)體(ti)系(xi)，促(cu)進要素(su)更多向(xiang)鄉(xiang)村(cun)流動，增強(qiang)農(nong)(nong)業(ye)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)發展(zhan)活力。暢通(tong)智(zhi)力、技(ji)術、管理等要素(su)的下(xia)鄉(xiang)通(tong)道，建(jian)(jian)立科研人員入(ru)鄉(xiang)兼職制度(du)，把(ba)各類人才(cai)“引進來”并“留得(de)住(zhu)”。健全(quan)土(tu)地要素(su)城(cheng)鄉(xiang)平等交換(huan)機(ji)制，深化(hua)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)宅基(ji)地制度(du)改革(ge)，探索實施(shi)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)集(ji)體(ti)經營性建(jian)(jian)設用(yong)地入(ru)市(shi)制度(du)。暢通(tong)社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)下(xia)鄉(xiang)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)通(tong)道，建(jian)(jian)立健全(quan)對接平臺，為社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)下(xia)鄉(xiang)搭建(jian)(jian)橋(qiao)梁、提供(gong)服務。優化(hua)農(nong)(nong)村(cun)投(tou)資(zi)(zi)環境，破除投(tou)資(zi)(zi)約束(shu)障礙，發揮政府投(tou)資(zi)(zi)基(ji)金(jin)的杠桿帶動作用(yong)，吸(xi)引社會(hui)資(zi)(zi)本(ben)跟進，推動形成各類資(zi)(zi)本(ben)踴躍投(tou)資(zi)(zi)鄉(xiang)村(cun)振(zhen)興發展(zhan)的新局面(mian)。